Pcie Device Remapping -

#!/bin/bash for d in $(find /sys/kernel/iommu_groups/* -type l | sort); do echo "Group $(basename $d):" ls -l $d/devices/ | awk 'print $11' done See remapping stats:

cat /sys/kernel/debug/iommu/intel/translation_table Or for AMD: pcie device remapping

This is the big one. A PCIe device can cache virtual-to-physical address translations. When a device issues a read/write, it uses an IO Virtual Address (IOVA) . The IOMMU behind the root port remaps that IOVA to a host physical address. From the device’s perspective, its memory window moved. From the CPU’s perspective, the device is now pointing to a different physical RAM location. pcie device remapping